Amakati e-orange ngokuvamile ayizidalwa ezinobungane kakhulu futhi ezinoboya obunonya. Ngokuvamile bayakujabulela kakhulu ukuba nabantu.Zifuna ukuxhumana nothando, futhi ngenxa yalokho, zisinika izikhathi ezimnandi nezinomusa. Kodwa bewazi ukuthi iningi lala makati angamaduna, hhayi awesifazane?
Isizathu akusikho ukuhlangana noma inganekwane, kodwa indaba yokuthi izakhi zofuzo zekati ezikhethekile kakhuluUkuze sikuqonde kangcono lokhu, ake singene sijule kungani amakati e-orange ngokuvamile engowesilisa Futhi yini ekhetheke kangaka nge-DNA yabo, ama-chromosome abo ocansi, kanye ne-gene edumile ebangela leso sikhumba esimangalisayo?
Isisekelo sebhayoloji: Ama-chromosomes ka-X no-Y emakati
Amakati, njengazo zonke izilwane ezincelisayo, anama-chromosome amabili ocansi: X, ehlotshaniswa nobulili besifazane, kanye Y, ehlotshaniswa nobulili besilisa. Ngendlela elula kakhulu:
- I-Los amakati abesilisa Banama-chromosome XY.
- I-Las amakati esifazane Banama-chromosome XX.
Ubaba wekati kanye nonina wekati banikela nge-chromosome yobulili okuyinto, phakathi kwezinye izinto, ethonya umbala woboya bekati. Abesifazane bakhiqiza ama-chromosome angu-X kuphela emaqandeni abo, kuyilapho abesilisa bekhiqiza ama-chromosome amabili angu-X no-Y esidoda sabo.
Ngakho-ke, amakati amaduna anquma ubulili benzalo ngayinye: uma isidoda sinikela nge-chromosome X, ikati lizoba yinsikazi (XX); uma lifaka i-chromosome eyodwa YKuzoba ngowesilisa (XY). Kodwa kuthiwani ngombala we-orenji futhi kungani uhlotshaniswa kakhulu nabesilisa?
I-gene ye-orange: ukuthi isebenza kanjani nokuthi itholakala kuphi
Umbala woboya emakatini ulawulwa yizakhi zofuzo eziningana, kodwa lowo esinesithakazelo kuwo lapha ubizwa ngokuthi i-gene ewolintshiLe gene inquma ukuthi umbala okhiqizwa ezinweleni uzoba mnyama (omnyama/onsundu) noma umbala ophuzi/obomvu.
I-gene ebangela lo mbala we-orange coat itholakala ku-X chromosomeLokhu kuyisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuthi kungani amakati e-orange ngokuvamile engamadoda. Lesi sakhi sofuzo sinezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko:
- O (obusayo): ikhiqiza uboya obuwolintshi.
- o (ephindaphindayo): ikhiqiza omunye umbala (njengomnyama noma onsundu), okungukuthi, hhayi o-orenji.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izinhlobo zolwazi lombala zingacatshangelwa (ngezinye izikhathi zikhonjiswa njenge B) ukumela imibala engeyona eyolintshi, njengomnyama. Into ebalulekile ukuthi, ku-chromosome X, kungavezwa umbala wewolintshi, noma kuvezwa omunye umbala omnyama.
Kungani kulula ngendoda ukuba ibe nombala ophuzi?
Njengoba abesilisa bene-chromosome eyodwa kuphela engu-X, izakhi zofuzo zilula kakhulu kubo. Ikati lesilisa lingaba nezimo ezimbili mayelana ne-gene ewolintshi ku-chromosome yalo eyodwa engu-X:
- Uma leyo X inesimo esihlukile Oikati lizoba i-orange.
- Uma leyo X inesimo esihlukile o noma i-gene yombala ohlukile (B), ikati lizoba hhayi okusawolintshi.
Ngisho, Kwanele ukuthi owesilisa athole i-chromosome eyodwa engu-X ene-gene e-orange evelele ukuze abe nezinwele ezibomvuAkadingi ikhophi yesibili, ngoba akanayo i-chromosome yesibili engu-X engafihla lowo mbala.
Amakati amaduna athola i-chromosome yawo engu-X ku- umamaNgakho-ke, ukuze injana yeduna ibe yi-orange, unina kumele afake u-X oqukethe uhlobo lwe-orange (OLokhu kungenzeka uma umama:
- Kuwolintshi ngokuphelele (OO).
- Igobolondo elinemibala emithathu noma igobolondo le-tortoise (inhlanganisela efana O + o u O + B, okubonisa amabala aphuzi).
Ngakho-ke, uma umama enesifo noma iyiphi indawo yoboya obuwolintshiKukhona amathuba angempela okuthi omunye wabazukulu babo besilisa uzoba nombala ophuzi.
Kungani kunezinsikazi eziphuzi ezi-orange ezimbalwa?
Kwabesifazane isimo sihlukile, ngoba banama-chromosome amabili angu-X. Ukuze ikati libe orange ngokuphelele, kudinga lokho womabili ama-chromosomes angu-X gqoka uhlobo olu-orenji (O+OUma lokhu kungenjalo, kuvela amanye amaphethini:
- O+O: ikati i-orange ngokuphelele.
- O + o u O + B: ikati elino amabala e-orange kuhlanganiswe nomnyama/onsundu futhi ngokuvamile kumhlophe. Yiwo amakati ajwayelekile ukunakekelwa (ophuzi nomnyama) noma i-calico (ophuzi, omnyama nomhlophe).
- noma + noma o noma + B: ikati hhayi okusawolintshi.
Njengoba ubona, ukuze owesifazane abe nombala ophuzi ngokuphelele Udinga ukuzuza ifa le-orange kuma-chromosome amabili e-X, kunina nakuyise, okuyinto engavamile ngokwezibalo. Ngakho-ke, nakuba Yebo, amakati anombala o-orange akhona.Ziyivelakancane kakhulu kunezinduna ezinezinwele ezibomvu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuvamile ukuthi abesifazane abaphethe i-gene ye-orange babonise ingubo ye-tricolor noma ye-tortoiseshellngoba ikhophi eyodwa kuphela ye-chromosome X ephethe uhlobo lwe-O, kanti enye ikhophi iveza umbala omnyama.
Amakati anombala o-Tricolor kanye nomkhuba wokungasebenzi kwe-chromosome X
Esinye isici esithakazelisayo sezakhi zofuzo zekati ukuthi amakati e-calico (igobolondo le-tortoise kanye ne-calico). La makati anezindawo ezibomvu i-orange, emnyama/nsundu y mhlophefuthi cishe njalo bangabesifazane. Lokhu kungenxa yezici ezimbili:
- La indawo yesakhi sofuzo esiwolintshi ku-chromosome X.
- Isenzakalo esibizwa ngokuthi ukungasebenzi okungahleliwe kwe-chromosome X.
Kwabesifazane, abanama-chromosome amabili angu-X, amangqamuzana awadingi njalo ukuveza womabili ngesikhathi esisodwa. Ngesikhathi sokukhula kombungu, iseli ngalinye... ivala ngokungahleliwe enye yama-chromosome amabili e-XI-chromosome engasebenzi iyagoqeka futhi iyeke ukuvezwa; enye ihlala isebenza.
Uma ikati line-chromosome X ene-gene ye-orange (O) kanti enye ine-gene emnyama (o o BKwezinye izindawo zesikhumba sabo, amaseli ane-chromosome X ewolintshi azosebenza, kanti kwezinye, lawo ane-chromosome X emnyama. Umphumela uba i-mosaic yamabala anemibala ehlukene:
- Izindawo lapho kuvezwa khona umbala we-orenji.
- Izindawo lapho kuvezwa khona umbala omnyama noma onsundu.
- Ngezinye izikhathi, izindawo ezingenayo i-pigment (emhlophe) zibangelwa ezinye izakhi zofuzo ezivimba ukukhiqizwa kombala.
Yile ndlela amakati aqala ngayo ukuba khona. ukunakekelwa (ophuzi nomnyama) kanye i-calico (orenji, omnyama, nomhlophe). Abesilisa abanemibala emithathu bangavamile kakhulu futhi bavame ukuba ne- ukungajwayelekile kofuzo (njenge-karyotype ye-XXY), okusho ukuthi ikati elilodwa kuleyo naleyo eyinkulungwane yemibala emithathu lingaba yindoda, kodwa kuyinto engavamile.
Indima yesakhi sofuzo se-ARHGAP36 kanye nokutholakele kwesayensi kwakamuva
Izifundo zofuzo zamuva nje zikwazile ukuhlonza ngokunemba okukhulu ukuthi iyiphi ingxenye ye-DNA yekati engemuva kwalokho okubizwa ngokuthi umphumela we-orangeKuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi kukhona i-gene ku-chromosome X, ebizwa ngokuthi I-ARHGAP36, okuhlobene kakhulu ne ukukhiqizwa kombala kuma-melanocytes (amaseli anikeza izinwele umbala).
Kutholakale i-A kumakati e-orange ukususwa (ukulahlekelwa yisicucu esincane se-DNA) endaweni elawulayo eduze kwalesi sakhi sofuzo. Asishintshi isakhiwo seprotheni, kodwa siyashintsha nini futhi kungakanani okuvezwayoUmphumela uba ukuthi i-ARHGAP36 iyasebenza ngendlela engavamile kumaseli ombala.
Lokhu kusebenza kushintsha ibhalansi evamile phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zama-pigment:
- I-Eumelanin: umbala omnyama (omnyama/onsundu).
- I-Pheomelanin: umbala okhanyayo, ohlotshaniswa namathoni obomvu nowolintshi.
Uma i-ARHGAP36 ivezwa ngokujulile, i- kunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-eumelanin futhi kuyathandwa pheomelaninLokhu kuphumela embala ophuzi ohlukile woboya bazo. Njengoba lesi sakhi sofuzo sitholakala ku-chromosome X futhi singaphansi kwemithetho efanayo yofuzo ehlobene nobulili, kuqinisa incazelo yokuthi kungani amakati amaningi e-orange engamaduna kanti abesifazane be-orange abavamile.
Izifundo ze-genomic ezenziwe ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zamakati afuywayo zibonise ukuthi cishe wonke amakati anoboya obuwolintshi Babelana ngalokhu kususwa okufanayo komthetho, okuphakamisa ukuthi ukuguquka kwavela kanye futhi kwasakazeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi njengoba amakati esakazeka kanye nabantu.
Uhlamvu kanye nezinto ezimangalisayo zamakati e-orange
Kwabaningi, amakati anombala ophuzi yiwona anoboya kakhulu. ukhululekile futhi unobungane yabo bonke. Ngokuvamile kuthiwa banomlingiswa othile:
- Naughty futhi uyadlala kakhulu.
- Social, kokubili kubantu kanye nezinye izilwane.
- Onothando, benomkhuba wokufuna ukunakwa nokuthandwa.
Bahlala bekulungele ukusenza sonwabe. Kodwa-ke, kubalulekile ukukhumbula lokho Umbala wejazi ngokwawo awunqumi uhlamvuIzakhi zofuzo zesilwane sonke, okuhlangenwe nakho kwaso, ukuhlangana kwaso nabantu kwasekuqaleni, kanye nendawo esizungezile nakho kuthonya kakhulu ukuziphatha kwaso.
Noma kunjalo, inhlanganisela yomzimba wabo omangalisayo nedumela labo njengezilwane ezinobungane kubenza babe Amakati e-orange athandwa kakhulu nokuthi kulula ukuthandana nabo. Ngakho-ke, yebo, bangabangane bokuphila okuhle kakhulu  .
Namuhla uyazi ukuthi uboya bayo abubuhle nje kuphela, kodwa buwumphumela we- i-adventure engavamile yezakhi zofuzo Kuxhumene ne-chromosome X, nezinhlobo ezivelele neziphindaphindayo ze-gene ye-orange, kanye ne-gene elawulayo efana ne-ARHGAP36. Futhi wena, ingabe uyabelana ngempilo yakho nenye? Injani i-temperature yayo? Futhi, ngendlela, ubuwazi ukuthi amakati e-orange avame ukuba ngabesilisa ezimweni eziningi?