I-Melanoma emakati: izimpawu, ukuxilongwa, ukwelashwa kanye nokuvimbela okuningiliziwe

I-Melanoma emakatini Kuyinkinga enkulu yezempilo engabonakala ezigabeni zayo zokuqala futhi iqhubeke buthule ize isongela impilo yesilwane. Igama nje elithi "umdlavuza" livusa ukucindezeleka okukhulu nokukhathazeka, futhi kuyaqondakala ukuthi: nsuku zonke abantu bayafa ngemva kokulwa nalesi sifo. Izingane, abantu abadala, kanye nabantu asebekhulile. Noma ubani angaba yisisulu salesi sifo esibi, futhi kunjalo nangamakati. Noma nini, udokotela wezilwane angasitshela ukuthi ikati lethu, isibonelo, line-melanoma. Yini okufanele yenziwe kulezi zimo?

Ukuphendula lowo mbuzo, Ngizochaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi yini i-melanoma emakatini.Yiziphi izimpawu ezihambisana nendawo ethintekile, zihlolwa kanjani ngochwepheshe, yiziphi izindlela zokwelapha ezikhona njengamanje, futhi yini ongayenza ekhaya ukuze unciphise ingozi futhi uthole noma yiziphi izinkinga ngokushesha okukhulu?

Iyini i-melanoma?

i-melanoma uhlobo lwe- umdlavuza wesikhumba ovela kuma-melanocytesAma-Melanocyte amangqamuzana atholakala ngaphansi kwe-epidermis akhiqiza i-melanin, umbala omnyama obangela ukwakheka kwesikhumba. Inikeza umbala esikhumbeni, ezinweleni, nasemehlweni ezincelisayo, okuhlanganisa abantu, izinja, kanye namakati.

Emakatini, i-melanoma ingavela noma iyiphi indawo ene-melanocyteshhayi esikhumbeni kuphela. Lokhu kufaka phakathi umlomo, amehlo, ama-paw pad, nezinye izindawo ezinezicubu ezinombala. Nakuba i-melanoma ingavamile kakhulu emakatini kunasezinjeni noma kubantu, Uma kuvela, kuvame ukuba nolaka kakhulu.ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezifana nomlomo noma amehlo.

Ukuze ama-melanocyte ajwayelekile abe ama-melanocyte ama-neoplastic, okungukuthi, amangqamuzana anomdlavuza, kumele adlule ezinyathelweni noma ezigabeni eziningana zokuguqulwa:

1. Ukuqaliswa: yi ukuchayeka okuqhubekayo kwesilwane ezintweni ezilimaza i-DNA kwamangqamuzana, okuhlanganisa imisebe ye-ultraviolet ezindaweni ezinezinwele ezincane njengezindlebe nekhala, noma izinqubo zokuvuvukala ezingapheli esikhumbeni kanye nasezingxenyeni zamafinyila.
2. UkukhuthazwaKancane kancane, ama-melanocyte ayashintsha futhi aphindaphindeke ngendlela engavamile. Kukulesi sigaba lapho sizoqala khona ukubona izimpawu zokuqala ezibonakalayonjengamabala amnyama, amaqhubu amancane, noma izilonda ezishintsha ukubukeka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
3. Ushintsho: wonke noma cishe wonke ama-melanocyte ajwayelekile endaweni ethintekile asephenduke ama-melanocyte ama-neoplastic. Isimila manje sithola i- ukuziphatha okubi ngokusobala, enekhono lokuhlasela izicubu eziseduze.
4. I-MetastasisYilapho la maseli anomdlavuza ukuhamba uye kwezinye izingxenye zomzimba ngegazi noma nge-lymph, futhi ingahlala ezithweni ezifana namaphaphu, isibindi, noma ama-lymph node.

Emakatini, i-melanoma yesikhumba (esikhumbeni) ingaba yingozi noma ibe yingozi kuye ngokuthi ikuphi, kodwa ama-melanoma atholakala ku- umlomo, amehlo, noma izinhlanganiso zesikhumba Bavame ukuba nolaka kakhulu futhi bathambekele kakhulu ekusakazekeni kwamangqamuzana.

Izinhlobo ze-melanoma emakati

Ngombono omncane kakhulu, izinhlobo eziningana ze-melanoma zaziwa, kuye ngesimo samaseli azo. Lokhu kuhlukaniswa kusiza udokotela wezilwane ukuhlola ukuziphatha kwesimila futhi aqondise ukubikezela.

• I-melanoma ye-Epithelioid: yakhiwe yi amaseli ayindilinga noma angama-polygonalene-cytoplasm eningi. Ngokuvamile ziyizimila ezinombala kakhulu ezibonakala zincane.
• Uthi lokuphotha cell melanoma: amaseli amade ahlelwe abe amaphakheji angajwayelekile eziqondiswe ngezindlela ezahlukene. Zingadidaniswa nezinye izinhlayiya uma kungasebenzisi izindlela ezikhethekile zokufaka umbala.
• I-melanoma exubekileLolu hlobo lwesimila luhlanganisa amaseli avela kuzo zombili izinhlobo zangaphambilini ngaphakathi kwesimila esifanayo. Le ngxube ingenza ukuxilongwa kube nzima ngaphandle kocwaningo oluphelele lwe-histopathological.
• I-melanoma e-Dendritic: amaseli anomumo we-spindle anawo izandiso ezincane, ezinamagatsha, ngesimo sama-dendrite. Ngokuvamile itholakala esikhumbeni.
• Sula i-melanoma yeseli: amaseli ane i-nucleus eyindilinga kanye ne-cytoplasm ephaphathekile, enezinhlayiyaIphinde ivele esikhumbeni sekati futhi ngezinye izikhathi inombala ongabonakali kangako, okungadida iso elingakaqeqeshwa.
• I-Melanoma enamaseli endandatho yesigineshaLawa ngamaseli amakhulu, aphuzi avame ukuvela umlomo wekati futhi ane-cytoplasm evalekile ezungeze i-nucleus, efana nendandatho.

Ngaphezu kwale ndlela ye-histological, kuyasiza ukuhlukanisa ama-melanoma ekati ngokwezinhlobo zawo. indawo eyinhlokonjengoba isibikezelo sincike kakhulu kulokhu:

• I-melanoma yesikhumba: itholakala esikhumbeni, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezine izinwele ezincane njengasezindlebeni, ekhaleni, noma emajwabu amehloKungaba yingozi noma kube yingozi.
• I-melanoma yomlomo: kuthinta izinsini, ulimi, ulwanga noma izindebeNgokuvamile kuyahlasela kakhulu futhi kunezinga eliphezulu lokusabalala kwamagciwane.
• I-melanoma yeso: kuvela ku- iris, i-choroid noma amajwabu amehloKungalimaza kakhulu ukubona futhi kudinge ngisho nokususwa kwenhlamvu yeso (i-enucleation) ezimweni ezithuthukile.
• I-Melanoma kuma-nail pad kanye nombhede wezinzipho: ithuthuka ku ama-plantar pads noma azungeze izinziphokubangela ukukhubazeka nokulimala okubuhlungu.

Ziyini izimpawu ze-melanoma emakati?

Izimpawu zizoncika kakhulu ku- isigaba somdlavuza nokuthi utholakala kuphiEzigabeni zokuqala izinguquko zingase zibe zincane, kodwa njengoba isimila sikhula noma sikhula, izimpawu ziba sobala futhi zibe zimbi kakhulu.

Izimpawu ezijwayelekile okufanele uziqaphele

Ezimweni eziningi, into yokuqala esizoyibona ibala elimnyama okungafanele libe laphokungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusezindlebeni, ekhaleni, emlonyeni, noma kunoma iyiphi enye ingxenye yomzimba. Kodwa-ke, akuwona wonke ama-melanoma anombala kakhulu, ngakho-ke kufanele sibheke futhi:

• Amaqhubu noma amaqhubu esikhumbeni noma olwelwesini lwamafinyila, olumnyama ngombala, onsundu, olumnyama noma ngisho nopinki.
• Amabala ashintshayo usayizi, ukuma noma umbala ngesikhathi esifushane.
• Izilonda eziqhekekile, ukucasuka okuqhubekayo noma amanxeba angapholi emavikini ambalwa.
• Ukopha okuzenzekelayo endaweni ethintekile ngaphandle kwesizathu esibonakalayo.

Ezimweni ezithuthukile kakhulu, isilwane singase sibe khona izimpawu zesistimu njengokulahlekelwa yisifiso sokudla, ukwehla kwesisindo okuqhubekayo, ukunganaki, noma izinguquko ekuziphatheni kwabo okuvamile.

I-melanoma yesikhumba (esikhumbeni)

I-melanoma yesikhumba yi-melanoma etholakala esikhumbeni, ikakhulukazi esikhumbeni. izindawo ezinezinwele ezincane njengezindlebe, impumulo, amajwabu amehlo, noma izindawo ezisuswe umbala. Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

• Amaqhubu amnyama noma anombala ezivele ngokuzumayo noma ezikhula kancane kancane.
• Izindawo ezisicaba eziba zinkulu, ziqine, noma zikhule ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
• Amanxeba angapholi noma lokho kuvulwa kabusha kaningi endaweni efanayo.
• Ukubomvu, ukuvuvukala, noma ukulunywa eduze kokulimala.

Nakuba amanye ama-melanoma esikhumba emakati angaba yingozi, noma yiluphi ushintsho olunjalo Kumele kuhlolwe ngudokotela wezilwanenjengoba ukuhlaziywa kwesampula kuphela okungahlukanisa isimila esingengozini kwesibi.

I-melanoma yomlomo (emlonyeni)

I-melanoma yomlomo ithinta i- ulimi, izinsini, ulwanga, izindebe, noma izinhlanganiso zolwelwesi emlonyeni. Ngokuvamile kuba nolaka kakhulu futhi kungenye yezimpawu ezinzima kakhulu ukwelapha. Izimpawu eziphawulekayo zifaka:

• Umoya omubi kakhulu (i-halitosis) engathuthuki ngokuhlanza amazinyo.
• Ubunzima bokuhlafuna noma ukugwinyaIkati liyayeka ukudla ukudla okomile bese likhetha ukudla okuthambile noma limane lidle okuncane.
• Ukopha emlonyeni noma ukuba khona kwegazi endaweni yokondla, emishinini yokunisela, noma kumathoyizi.
• Izixuku ezimnyama noma ukuvuvukala ezinsinini, olimini, noma olwelwesini.
• Ukweqa amathe ngokweqile kanye nokuthambekela kokulahla ukudla.
• Ukwehla kwesisindo okuqhubekela phambili ngenxa yobuhlungu lapho udla.

I-melanoma yeso (emehlweni)

Esweni, i-melanoma ivame ukuthinta iris noma izakhiwo zangaphakathiEkuqaleni, kungase kubonakale njengebala elisesweni, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kungalimaza umbono noma kubangele nobuhlungu obukhulu. Izimpawu ezivame kakhulu yilezi:

• Amabala amnyama ku-iris ezikhula ngobukhulu noma ezishintsha isimo.
• Iso elibomvu noma elivuvukile, kanye nezimpawu ezingaba khona ze-uveitis.
• Ukudabuka ngokweqile noma ukuphuma kwamehlo okuqhubekayo.
• Ibhola leso elikhulisiwe noma ukukhubazeka uma ingcindezi yangaphakathi kweso ikhuphuka.
• Ukulahleka kombono noma ukushayisana njalo nezinto ekhaya.

Izimpawu zesifo esithuthukile noma i-metastasis

Uma umdlavuza usesigabeni esithuthukile noma ususakazeke kwezinye izitho zomzimba, isilwane singase sibonakale izimpawu ezivamile ezibucayi kakhulu:

• Ukuphelelwa isifiso sokudla kanye/noma isisindo esiphawuliwe.
• Izinkinga zokuphefumula ngokuvamileukuphefumula okusheshayo noma okukhandlekayo.
• Ukukhwehlela okuqhubekayo, okungase kubonise ukubandakanyeka kwamaphaphu.
• Ukunganaki nokungabi nandaba ngokusebenzisa indawo, umdlalo, noma ukuxhumana nabantu.
• Ukukhubazeka uma ukusabalala kwamathambo kuthinta amathambo noma ama-pad.

Uma umdlavuza usekhaleni, sizokwazi ukubona ukuthi isimila singokoqobo Kubhubhisa imigudu yamakhalaUma ubheka ngaphandle, into ebuhlungu kakhulu ekatini futhi evame ukuhilela ukuthimula, amafinyila anegazi kanye nobunzima bokuphefumula.

Kuyini ukuxilongwa nokwelashwa kwe-melanoma emakati?

Uma sisola ukuthi ikati lethu linomdlavuza noma kungenzeka ukuthi linomdlavuza, okuhlanganisa ne-melanoma, kufanele simyise kudokotela wezilwane ngokushesha ukuze akwazi ukuyihlola. Ukutholwa kusenesikhathi kungenye yezinto ezithinta kakhulu ukubikezela kanye namathuba okwelashwa okuphumelelayo.

Ukuhlolwa kokuxilonga i-melanoma emakati

Emtholampilo, udokotela wezilwane uzolandela izinyathelo eziningana ukuze athole ukuxilongwa okunembile:

1. Qedela ukuhlolwa komzimbaIsikhumba, umlomo, amehlo, kanye nama-paw pad kuzohlolwa kahle, ama-lymph node azophathwa, kanye isimo sekati esijwayelekile (isisindo, umswakama, izinga lokushisa, ukuphefumula).
2. Ukuthatha amasampula eseli: kungenziwa ngu ukufuthwa kwenaliti encane (i-cytology) noma nge i-biopsy (ukukhishwa kwengxenye yezicubu). Lawa masampula ahlolwa ngaphansi kwe-microscope ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ngabe iyi-melanoma yini kanye nokuhlola izinga layo lomdlavuza.
3. Ukuhlolwa kwegazi okupheleleZisiza ekuhloleni isimo sezitho zangaphakathi njengesibindi nezinso, susa ezinye izifo ezihambisana naso bese uhlola ukuthi isilwane sikulungele yini ukuhlinzwa noma ukwelashwa komdlavuza.
4. ukuhlolwa kwezithombeAma-x-ray esifubeni angenziwa futhi i-ultrasound yesisu ukubheka ama-metastases emaphashini noma kwezinye izitho zomzimba. Ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi, ikakhulukazi lapho isimila sisemlonyeni, ekhanda, noma emehlweni, singanconywa. i-computed tomography noma i-MRI ukuhlela kangcono ukuhlinzwa.
5. I-immunohistochemistryKwamanye ama-melanoma anombala ongemuhle noma abukeka ngendlela engavamile, ilabhorethri ingase isebenzise amasu akhethekile okupenda (izimpawu ezifana neMelan A, S-100, PNL2 noma i-tyrosinase) ukuqinisekisa uhlobo lwe-melanocytic lwesimila.

Izindlela zokwelapha ezitholakalayo ze-melanoma yekati

Uma ukuxilongwa sekuqinisekisiwe futhi ubukhulu besimila buhlolwe, uhlelo lokwelapha olufanele ikati ngalinye luyaklanywa. Ukwelashwa kungafaka okukodwa noma ngaphezulu kwalokhu okulandelayo:

• Ukususwa kwesimila ngokuhlinzwaLena yindlela yokwelapha eyinhloko lapho i-melanoma isendaweni futhi ingelashwa. Umgomo uwukuthi Susa lonke isimila ngemingcele yokuphepha ukunciphisa ingozi yokuphinda kuvele lesi sifo. Kuma-melanoma amancane esikhumba angenawo ama-metastasis, le ndlela ingasiza ekwelapheni.
• Ukuhlinzwa okuyinkimbinkimbiKuma-melanoma omlomo, kungadingeka ukususa ingxenye yethambo lomhlathi, kanti kuma-melanoma ocular, okulandelayo kungacatshangelwa: ukukhishwa kwe-nucleus yeso elithintekile lapho isimila silimaza kakhulu umbono noma sibangela ubuhlungu obukhulu.
• I-RadiotherapyIsetshenziswa lapho ukuhlinzwa kungenzeki, lapho imingcele ehlanzekile ingatholakali, noma njengokwengeza ngemva kokuhlinzwa ukuze qeda amangqamuzana omdlavuza aseleKuwusizo ikakhulukazi ezindaweni lapho kunzima khona ukwenza ukususwa okubanzi, njengomlomo.
• I-Chemotherapy: isetshenziswa ezimweni ze- ama-metastases noma amathumba angasebenziIndlela ikati elisabela ngayo ku-chemotherapy ingahlukahluka, kodwa kwezinye iziguli kuyasiza ekunciphiseni inqubekela phambili nokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokuphila.
• I-Immunotherapy: kwezokwelapha ngezilwane, ziyathuthukiswa amasu okwelapha nge-immunotherapy Ku-melanoma, zifana nemithi yokugomela umdlavuza esetshenziswa ezinjeni. Nakuba ukusetshenziswa kwazo emakatini kulinganiselwe, zimelela umugqa othembisayo wocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo.
• Ukunakekelwa kwe-PalliativeEzimweni ezithuthukile kakhulu, lapho i-melanoma isisabalale futhi ingelapheki, umgomo uba ukugcina inhlalakahle yekati ephezuluLokhu kuhlanganisa ukuphathwa kobuhlungu, ukwesekwa kokudla okunempilo, ukuphathwa kwezifo zesibili, futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukucabangela ngozwela ukubulala lapho ubuhlungu bukhulu khona.

Isibikezelo sizoncika ku- indawo yesimila, ubukhulu baso, izinga lomdlavuza, ukuba khona noma ukungabikho kwe-metastasis, kanye nempendulo yomuntu ngamunye ekwelashweniAma-melanoma amancane, achazwe kahle esikhumba ngokuvamile anesimo esingcono kune-melanoma yomlomo noma yeso esesakazekele kwezinye izitho zomzimba.

Ingabe i-melanoma ingavinjelwa emakatini?

Akunakuze kuvinjelwe ngokupheleleLokhu kudinga ukucaca kakhulu. Noma kunjalo, kunezinyathelo esingazithatha ekhaya ukuze ukunciphisa ingozi futhi kube lula ukutholakala kusenesikhathi, okwandisa kakhulu amathuba okuba ukwelashwa kuphumelele.

Mnike ukudla okusezingeni

Ikati, njengesilwane esidla inyama ngokuqinile, kufanele lidle ngokuyisisekelo iphrotheni yezilwane esezingeni elihleUkudla kwezilwane ezifuywayo (i-kibble) okuqukethe okusanhlamvu okuningi kuvame ukuba nenyama, kodwa ngobuningi obuncane futhi obusezingeni eliphansi. Lokhu kubalulekile. funda ilebula lezithako futhi ulahle lezo zinhlobo eziqukethe i-oats, ummbila, ukolweni noma noma yikuphi okusanhlamvu njengesakhi sokuqala, kanye nemikhiqizo engaziwa ukuthi ivelaphi.

Ukudla okunempilo, okucebile ku- amaprotheni ezilwane anenani eliphezulu lezinto eziphilayo kanye namafutha anempiloKusiza amasosha omzimba ekati ukuthi asebenze kangcono futhi asabele kahle ezinqubweni zokuvuvukala nezimila. Noma nini lapho kungenzeka, kungcono ukukhetha ukudla okumanzi noma okomile okusezingeni eliphezulufuthi uthintane nodokotela wezilwane nganoma yiziphi izinguquko ezinkulu ekudleni.

Gwema ukuchitha isikhathi esiningi elangeni

Amakati ayakuthanda ukuthamela ilanga. Uma esibona, akuvamile ukuthi acele ukuphuma ngaphandle, noma uma engekho, azofuna lawo magumbi endlu lapho angagoba khona elangeni. Singawavumela, kodwa kufanele siwaqaphe. Singavumela ukuthi ithole ilanga, kodwa hhayi phakathi nosuku.ikakhulukazi emakatini anoboya obumhlophe noma obukhanyayo kanye nakulawo anezindlebe nekhala elipinki.

Ukuchayeka isikhathi eside emisebeni ye-ultraviolet kungalimaza amangqamuzana esikhumba futhi kwandise ingozi yezimila zesikhumba, okuhlanganisa namanye ama-melanoma. Ukuze kuncishiswe le ngozi, kunconywa okulandelayo:

• Nciphisa ukufinyelela ngaphandle ngezikhathi zokushisa kwelanga okuphezulu.
• Nikeza izindawo ezinombala nezindawo ezipholile lapho ikati lingalala khona ngaphandle kokuthola ukukhanya kwelanga okuqondile.
• Kumakati asengozini enkulu, sebenzisa i-sunscreen ethile yamakati ezindlebeni, ekhaleni nakwezinye izindawo ezisusiwe umbala, njalo ulandela imiyalelo kadokotela wezilwane.

Kuhlole nsuku zonke

Kungumqondo omuhle ukuhlola ikati lakho nsuku zonke, ngobumnene futhi ngaphandle kokulicindezela. Kudingeka sibheke kahle izindlebe zayo, umlomo, umhlane, imilenze kanye nomsila wayougijimisa iminwe yakho eboyeni ukuze uthole noma yiziphi izigaxa, amaqhubu, noma izinguquko ekubunjweni kwesikhumba.

Kunconywa futhi ukuthi ikati lijwayele ukusivumela sihambe. vula umlomo wakhe kancane ukuhlola izinsini, ulimi, nolwanga, sibheke noma yimaphi amabala amnyama, izigaxa, noma ukuphuma kwegazi. Emehlweni, kufanele siqaphele ukubonakala amabala amasha ku-iris, izinguquko kumbala wamehlo, ukubomvu, noma ukuphuma kwamanzi.

Ngakho-ke, uma sithola okuthile okungafanele kube khona, udokotela wezilwane uzokwazi ukwenza ukuxilonga kusenesikhathiLokhu kuzonikeza umngane onoboya ithuba elingcono lokululama kulesi sifo noma ukugcina impilo enhle isikhathi eside.

Njengoba sesibonile, i-melanoma emakatini iyisifo esingavamile kodwa esingaba nolaka kakhulu esingathinta isikhumba, umlomo, amehlo, nezinye izindawo zomzimba. Ukwazi izimpawu, ukufuna ngokushesha ukunakekelwa kwezilwane nganoma yiziphi izinguquko, nokunaka ukudla, ukuchayeka elangeni, kanye nokuhlolwa njalo ekhaya kuyizinyathelo ezibalulekile zokuvikela umngane wethu wekati futhi njalo uzinike ithuba elihle lokuhlala uphilile.

Ngiyethemba ibilusizo kuwe.