Ikati elihle manje eliphumule ngokuthula kusofa wethu, elisibheka ngalawo mehlo amnandi nathambile akwenza ufune ukuliqabula, futhi eliqala ukubhonga njalo uma silishaya umhlane noma ikhanda lalo elincane, linabokhokho abahambahambayo ababehlanganyela idekhi namatilosi, abathengisi ngisho nabantu baseNordic.
Futhi hhayi lokho kuphela, kodwa nakuba kwase kukholelwa isikhathi eside ukuthi amakati ashiya iGibhithe ngokwandiswa okukodwa, manje sesiyazi ukuthi ukunqoba kwawo kwakuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu , okuhlanganisa amagagasi amaningana nemizila ehlukene. Thola ukuthi amakati anqoba kanjani umhlaba.
Okuvezwa ufuzo ngohambo lwakho oluhle
Ngenxa yokwehla kwezindleko zokuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo, abacwaningi baye bahlola ngokujulile imvelaphi yekati lasekhaya. Isazi sezakhi zofuzo u-Eva-Maria Geigl, waseJacques Monod Institute (eParis), uhole ucwaningo oluhlaziya i-DNA ye-mitochondrial - edluliselwa kusuka komama kuya ezinganeni - kusuka kumakati asendulo angaphezu kwamakhulu amabili avela ezindaweni zaseYurophu, e-Afrika, naseMpumalanga Eseduze, kusukela emiphakathini yabalimi bokuqala kuya ezikhathini zakamuva zomlando.
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi amakati anda ngamagagasi amaningana . Elokuqala lihambisane nokukhula kwezolimo e-Fertile Crescent nasempumalanga yeMedithera: okusanhlamvu kwaheha amagundane, kanti amagundane aheha amakati , okwaqala ukwamukelwa abalimi ababewabona njengendlela ephumelelayo yokulawula izinambuzane.
Ukusabalala kwesibili okukhulu kwenzeka eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane eziningana kamuva , lapho ukuhweba olwandle kukhula futhi amatilosi ethola ekatini umngane wokulwa namagundane emikhumbi. Izakhi zofuzo zozalo ezihlobene neGibhithe ziye zavela ezindaweni zokuhlala zamaViking enyakatho yeYurophu , uphawu olucacile lohambo olude.
Ngakho-ke, ukufuywa kwamakati akuzange kwenzeke endaweni eyodwa noma ngesikhathi esisodwa: kwakukhona okungenani izikhungo ezimbili eziyinhloko (i-Near East ne-Egypt) kanye nemizila eminingana yokusabalala. Lolu cwaningo lushicilelwe kumagazini i-Nature; ungalufunda ngokuchofoza lapha.
Kufuywe ukuze kube lula: ukusuka esibayeni ukuya emkhunjini
Amakati ayengafuywa ngenkani ; ayesondela ezindaweni zokuhlala zabantu ezikhangwa yizisulu ezilula. Lokhu kuhlala ndawonye okulula kwabumba ukuziphatha kwawo: abantu ababebekezelelana kakhulu nabanobungane babechuma eduze kwabantu kanye nezitolo zokusanhlamvu.
Ngokwandiswa kwemizila yasolwandle, baba amalungu eqembu elivamile . Ezinkambeni eziningi ngesikhathi sasemandulo kanye neNkathi Ephakathi, kwakuyinto evamile—futhi ngisho nempoqo emachwebeni athile—ukuletha amakati emkhunjini ukuze avikele ukudla kanye nezinsimbi. Leli siko lichaza ukusabalala kwawo okusheshayo kulo lonke elase-Asia, e-Afrika naseYurophu , kanye nokufika kwawo eziqhingini ezazingenawo amakati ekuqaleni.
Izikhathi ezinhlanu ezibalulekile zokwandisa
- Izindawo zokuhlala zezolimo e-Near East: Ukufika ezinqolobaneni nasezigodini ze-Fertile Crescent ne-Anatolia.
- I-Mediterranean oriental: i-island and coastal hopping (Cyprus kanye ne-Aegean archipelagos) sibonga indlela yakudala.
- Inkathi Yethusi Nensimbi: ukunwetshwa entshonalanga yeMedithera ngezifiki nabathengisi bamaGreki, ama-Etruscan namaPunic.
- Isikhathi samaRoma: ukuhlanganiswa kulo lonke izwekazi laseYurophu nasezindaweni ezisogwini lombuso, ngokusetshenziswa okuqinile ukulawula izinambuzane.
- Ubudala beViking: ukusatshalaliswa kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Sea, i-Baltic Sea kanye ne-Northeast Atlantic ngezingcingo ezikhumulweni eziningi.
Okushiwo yi-DNA (futhi esikubona ngeso lenyama)
Ukuhlaziywa kwezinsalela zamathambo, isikhumba, noboya obuvela emakatini asendulo kuqinisekisa ukuthi wonke amakati afuywayo avela ekatini lasendle lase-Afrika ( Felis silvestris lybica ). Kuphinde kusikisele ukuthi ukuziphatha kwakuyisici esikhethwe kakhulu ekuqaleni: ukubukeka kwakungabalulekile iminyaka eyizinkulungwane.
Eqinisweni, imidwebo yodonga kanye nemithi yokubulala amagciwane kubonisa ukuthi iphethini ye-tabby yayivamile ngesikhathi sasemandulo, futhi amabala noma amanye amaphethini aqala ukuvame kakhulu kamuva. Ngaphezu kwalokho, eYurophu Ephakathi naseMpumalanga, ubukhulu bomzimba wekati lasekhaya babonakala buncipha kusukela ezikhathini zasendulo kuze kube seNkathini Ephakathi, kanye nokululama okuncane ngemva kwalokho.
IGibhithe, iRoma kanye nabantu baseNyakatho: unxantathu onqumayo
EGibhithe lasendulo, ikati lathola isikhundla esivelele empilweni yansuku zonke kanye nezithombe zenkolo. Lesi sikhundla sasihambisana nendima yalo njengomzingeli wezimpuku emakhaya nasezinqolobaneni, kanye nenani lalo emikhunjini yokuhweba eyayihamba ngolwandle iMedithera.
Izinto zokuthutha zamaRoma zandisa ukuba khona kwazo nakakhulu. Emakhulwini eminyaka kamuva, amaViking ahlanganisa amakati ohambweni lwawo, lapho, ngaphezu kokulawula izinambuzane, anikeza khona ubungane kubasebenzi . Umthelela wezakhi zofuzo zaseGibhithe emakatini atholakala emachwebeni aseBaltic uyahambisana nalezi zindlela zokuhweba.
Ngale kweYurophu: I-Asia, iMelika kanye nayo yonke imephu
E-Asia, amakati asheshe afakwa emasikweni asekhaya: eShayina ayeyizimpawu zokuchuma nokuthula , kanti eJapane ahlotshaniswa nenhlanhla, nezinhlobo ezidumile njenge- bobtail yaseJapan.
Ngaphesheya kwe-Atlantic, bafika namandla okuqala aseYurophu ayesekoloni . Izinsalela zamakati avela emikhumbi eyaphahlazeka kanye nemibhalo evela ezindaweni zokuhlala zakuqala zisikisela ukuthi base behamba ngemikhumbi nemikhumbi ngesikhathi sokuqala kokufika kwamakoloni. Namuhla bakhona kuwo wonke umhlaba ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica.
Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyaqhubeka, isiko namagama
Nakuba isimo sazo singahlukile kakhulu kwesamakati asendle, ukuhlukahluka kwazo okuzuzwa njengefa kuyanda ngenani elikhulu labantu basemadolobheni, ngakho-ke ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuyaqhubeka. Ukuhlala ndawonye namakati asendle ezindaweni ezithile—uma kukhona—kunezela ukugeleza kwezakhi zofuzo okungaguqula izici.
Ukuba khona kwabo kwashiya uphawu ezilimini nasezimpawini: kusukela emagameni aseGibhithe kuya emagameni anjenge -gatto , ikati , i-katze , noma i-koto ezilimini zanamuhla, behlala bephinda amakhono abo okulandela nokuzingela . EYurophu yasendulo, izinkathi zokwazisa zazihambisana nezigaba zokushushiswa okunenkolelo-ze ; kamuva, isayensi nobuciko kwabavuselela futhi kwabaguqula baba yizimpawu zasekhaya nezamasiko.
Ngaphezu komlando wabo, izifundo ezahlukahlukene zikhomba izinzuzo zokuhlala ndawonye: inkampani yabo inganciphisa ukucindezeleka futhi inikeze ukwesekwa ngokomzwelo, okungenzeka kuchaze ingxenye yempumelelo yabo njengabangane empilweni yanamuhla.
Kusukela ezinqolobaneni zokuqala kuya emadekini emikhumbi, ikati lasekhaya lathola indawo yalo yaphakade eceleni kwesintu ngenxa yezimfanelo zalo: ukusebenza kahle ekuzingeleni amagundane, ukwandisa ukuhlalisana, kanye nekhono elingavamile lokuzivumelanisa nemizila emisha, amasiko, kanye nezimo zezulu. Ukunqoba kwalo umhlaba kwakungeyona inhlanhla noma isenzakalo esisodwa, kodwa kwakuyisamba sohambo oluningi lwabantu kanye nobudlelwano.